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William Bradford Shockley was an American physicist and eugenicist who shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics with John Bardeen and Walter Brattain for their research on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect.[1] He was the manager of a research group at Bell Labs that included John Bardeen and Walter Brattain. As a result of Shockley's attempts to commercialize a new transistor design in the 1950s and 1960s, California's Silicon Valley became a hotbed of electronic innovation. He recruited brilliant employees but quickly alienated them with his autocratic and erratic management. They left and found companies in the industry. [2] In his later life, while a professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University and afterward, Shockley became widely known for his racist views and advocacy of eugenics. [6][7][8] Shockley  William Bradford Early life:  Shockley was born to American parents in London on February 13, 1910. He was the son of a mining engineer,