Custard Apples at Home: The Joy and Health Benefits of Fruit Without Pesticides.

When we buy fruits like apples or grapes, the usual practice is immersing them in salt water for half an hour and then washing them using running water. Traders say we can remove pesticides like this. I am not sure. I take it with a pinch of salt. In the case of grapes, if you keep them in salt water for a long time, you get some of them with split skin.

Do you have that experience?

In this article, I would like to introduce three varieties of custard apples that I planted in my backyard years ago.

Lately, I read a report saying apples, grapes, oranges, etc., contain pesticides beyond acceptable levels. So, I thought it would be the right time to explore the apples in my home that reveal the significance of growing fruits without poison right from home.

Do not be surprised. It is our simple Raman pazham, Seetha pazham, and Mullathi pazham. 

 

                                            Tree with fruit (not ripe) 

We have grown pepper plants near the tree so, it crept on the tree. I think that is another use of planting this tree in your backyard, win-win. Isn't it?

Annona reticulata (Raman pazham)

 

Custard apple is a common name for several fruits that belong to Annonaceae, the custard apple family,[1] which includes the following three species. I planted them in my backyard years back.

Annona reticulata belongs to the plant family Annonaceae. [4] Its fruit is called custard apple [2]. It is a common name shared with fruits of several other species in the same genus. Other English common names include ox heart and bullock's heart. [2][7] The fruit is sweet and edible. [8]

 

Description:

 

• Semi-evergreen trees reach 8 meters to 10 meters tall.
• The leaves are 10 to 20 centimeters long and 2 to 7 centimeters wide. 
• The yellow-green flowers are 2 to 3 centimeters in diameter, with three long outer petals and three small inner ones. 
• The fruits are heart-shaped.

When ripe, the fruit is brown or yellowish, with red highlights and a varying degree of reticulation, depending again on the variety. 

• The flesh is juicy and very aromatic.
• The flavor is sweet and pleasant.

 

Raman pazham

Distribution and habitat

 Possibly a native of the Caribbean [10] and Central America,[2] Annona reticulata is now pantropical. [10] It grows from sea level to 1,500 meters altitude. 

• It grows in areas having alternate wet and dry seasons. [7][8]
•  It is cultivated and naturalized in many tropical places, namely Southeast Asia, Taiwan, India, Pakistan, Australia, and Africa. [2][7][8][10][11] 

In India, the species has migrated from initial cultivation into the wild. [7]

Climate

Although the tree grows optimally in tropical conditions and in subtropical regions.

•  It requires humid conditions (medium to high rainfall). [12] 
• Compared to the other Anonas, it is less drought tolerant.
•  The annual temperature necessary ranges from 17 to 27 °C. [13] 
• It tolerates light night frosts to -2 °C. [7] 
• A. reticulata grows on many soil types with pH ranging from 5 to 8. It does not tolerate waterlogging or when the water table is too high. [7][13]

Cultivation

• One method of cultivation is using seeds. [12][13]
•  Other techniques for cultivation are grafting and budding. [12][13][7] 

The tree produces 45 kg of fruits per year. 

Uses

Food

We can eat custard apples as a fresh fruit. It is not as popular as the sugar apple or the cherimoya. We can use it for preparing juices, ice cream, puddings, and sauce. [12,14]

 Flesh inside the fruit

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

 

In a 100-gram reference amount, custard apple supplies 101 calories, 23% of the Daily Value (DV) of vitamin C and 17% of vitamin B6, with no other micronutrients in significant amounts (table). [15] Raw custard apple is 72% water, 25% carbohydrates, 2% protein, and 1% fat (see Table for details).

 

Propagation

 

• A. reticulata may be grown in home gardens, even though it may not be as popular as the sugar apple (A. squamosa).

It has value as rootstock for superior Annona species, such as the sugar apple, especially under humid conditions. It is also a genetic resource for hybridization. [7]

Black shining seeds

Other uses

• For tanning, they contain blue pigments. 
• For making wrappers, ornaments, and hats from the inner bark. 
• The wood is soft and can be used to make utensils.[12] 

 

Annona muricata:

 

Soursop (Mullathikka)

 

Soursop (Graviola, guyabano) is the fruit of Annona muricata, in the same genus, Annona, as Cherimoya, and is in the Annonaceae family. It has a broadleaf, flowering, evergreen tree. [19][20] It is native to the tropical regions of the Americas and the Caribbean and is widely propagated. [21] 

The soursop is suitable for areas of high humidity and relatively warm winters. Temperatures below five degrees Celsius will cause damage to leaves and small branches, and the plant will not tolerate temperatures below three degrees Celsius. It has an aroma similar to pineapple. The flavor of the fruit has been described as a combination of strawberries and apples with sour citrus flavor notes, contrasting with an underlying thick creamy texture reminiscent of banana.

Soursop is known as an alternative cancer treatment, but there is no reliable medical evidence that it is effective for treating cancer or any disease. [22]

 

Annona muricata is a species that belongs to the custard apple tree family, Annonaceae, which has edible fruit. 

• The fruit is usually called soursop (mullathikka) due to its slightly acidic taste. 
• The fruit has a sour-sweet taste. 

Annona muricata is native to the Caribbean and Central America but is now widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical climates, such as India.

 

Botanical description

 

Tree with fruit

• Annona muricata is an upright, evergreen tree that can grow to about 30 feet tall. [19][20][21][22]
• Leaves are oblong to oval, 8 centimeters to 16 centimeters long, and 3 centimeters to 7 centimeters wide. 
• They are a glossy dark green. The leaf stalks are 4 millimeters to 13 millimeters long and without hairs. [22]
• Flower stalks (peduncles) are 2 millimeters to 5 millimeters long and woody. 
• Stalks for the individual flowers are stout and woody.
• The petals are thick and yellowish. 

Outer petals meet at the edges without overlapping. They are broadly ovate, 2.8 centimeters to 3.3 centimeters by 2.1 centimeters to 2.5 centimeters, tapering to a point with a heart-shaped base. 

They are evenly thick and are covered with long, slender, soft hairs externally and matted finely with soft hairs within. 

Flowers

• The inner petals are oval-shaped and overlap. 
• They measure roughly 2.5 to 2.8 centimeters by 2 centimeters and are sharply angled and tapering at the base.

The receptacle is conical and hairy. The stamens are 4.5 millimeters long and narrowly wedge-shaped. 

The connective tip terminates abruptly, and other hollows are unequal. Sepals are quite thick and do not overlap. Carpels are linear and basally growing from one base. 

• The fruits are dark green and prickly. 
• They are ovoid and can be up to 30 centimeters long with a moderately firm texture. [21] 
• Their flesh is juicy, acidic, whitish [6] and aromatic. [22]

 

Distribution

 

Annona muricata is tolerant of poor soil [20] and prefers lowland areas between 0 to 1,200 meters altitude. 

• It cannot stand frost. 
• The exact origin is unknown; it is native to the tropical regions of America.
•   It is an introduced species on all temperate continents, especially in subtropical regions.

Cultivation

• The plant is grown for its 20–30 cm long. 
• However, these are mostly garden plantings for local consumption. 

It is also grown in parts of China and Southeast Asia and is abundant on the Island of Mauritius. 

 

Uses

 

• The fruit is edible, with white pulp, some fiber, and a core of indigestible black seeds. 
• The seeds are left in the preparation and removed while consuming. 

 

The color changes to light yellow when ripe

Nutrition

 

Energy 276 kJ (66 kcal), Carbohydrates 16.84 g, Sugars13.54 g, Dietary fiber, Fat 0.3 g, Protein 1 g,

Thiamine (B1)6% 0.07 mg, Riboflavin (B2)4% 0.05 mg, Niacin (B3)6%

0.9 mg, Pantothenic acid (B5)5% 0.253 mg, Vitamin B65% 0.059 mg,

Folate (B9)4%, 14 μg, Choline2% 7.6 mg, Vitamin C25% 20.6 mg,

Calcium 1% 14 mg, Iron 5% 0.6 mg, Magnesium 6%

21 mg, Phosphorus 4%27 mg, Potassium 9% 278 mg, Sodium 1% 14 mg,

Zinc 1% 0.1 mg. (See table for details).

Flesh with black seeds inside

Raw soursop is 81% water, 17% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and has negligible fat 0.3%. In a 100-gram reference amount, the raw fruit supplies 276 kilojoules (66 kilocalories) of food energy and contains only vitamin C as a significant amount (25%) of the daily value, with no other micronutrients in appreciable amounts.

 

Potential neurotoxicity

 

Annonacin, a neurotoxin found in soursop

The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center cautions alkaloids extracted from graviola may cause neuronal dysfunction.[25] Annonacin has been shown in laboratory research to be neurotoxic. [26][27][28]

 

False cancer treatment claims

 

Fruits are big in size

In 2008, the Federal Trade Commission in the United States stated that the use of soursop to treat cancer was not genuine and there was no credible scientific evidence. Also in 2008, a UK court case relating to the sale of Triamazon, a soursop product, resulted in the criminal conviction of a man under the terms of the UK Cancer Act for offering to treat people for cancer. [32][33]

The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Cancer Research UK state that cancer treatment using soursop has no reliable clinical evidence.

• According to Cancer Research UK, many sites on the internet advertise and promote graviola capsules as a cancer cure. 
• There is no support from any reputable scientific cancer organizations, and there is no evidence to show that graviola works as a cure for cancer. [29][30][31]

 

Annona squamosa (Seetha pazham)

 

Annona squamosa is a small, well-branched tree from the family of Annonaceae that bears edible fruits called sugar apples (sweetsops, Seetha pazham). [36] It tolerates a tropical lowland climate. Annona squamosa is a small, deciduous,[38] much-branched tree 3 to 8 meters tall. [35][38]

• The fruit is spherical-conical, 5–10 centimeters in diameter and 6–10 cm long, and weighing 100–240 grams with a thick rind composed of knobby segments.
• The color is typically pale green through blue-green.

 It is unique among Annona fruits with segments. The segments tend to separate when ripe, exposing the innards.

• The flesh is fragrant and sweet. 
• The seeds form individual segments arranged in a single layer around a conical core. 
• The seeds are hard and shiny and have a brown to black coat.
•  The number of seeds in a fruit varies from 20–40 or more. Although varieties exist that are almost seedless. [40][41]

 

The ground seeds are popular as an insecticide. [36]

• It has a stem running through the center of the fruit.
•  The skin is colored green and rough in texture. 
• Due to the soft flesh and structure of the sugar apple, it is very fragile.

 

Description

 

The fruit of A. squamosa (sugar apple) has a sweet whitish pulp and is popular in tropical markets such as Seetha pazham in India. [38]

 

Stems and leaves

 

Branches are with light brown bark and visible leaf scars. The inner bark is light yellow and slightly bitter.

Thin, simple, alternate leaves [39] occur singly,[34] 5 to 17 centimeters long and 2 to 6 cm wide.[38][34]

 

Flowers

Flowers

 

Solitary or in short lateral clusters of 2–4 about 2.5 cm long. [38] greenish-yellow flowers on a hairy, slender [34] 2 cm long stalk. [38] Three green outer petals, purplish at the base, oblong, 1.6 to 2.5 cm long, and 0.6 to 0.75 cm wide. 

Flowering occurs in spring-early summer [38] and flowers are pollinated by nitidulid beetles.[43] Its pollen is shed as permanent tetrads.[44]

 

Fruits and reproduction

 

Fruits ripen 3 to 4 months after flowering. [45]

• Aggregate and soft fruits form from the numerous and loosely united pistils of a flower [34], which become enlarged [38] and mature into fruits that are distinct from fruits of other species of genus [34] 
• The round or heart-shaped [34] greenish-yellow, ripened aggregate fruit is pendulous on a thickened stalk, 5 to 10 cm [34][35] in diameter. [38][39] 
• The pulp is white-tinged yellow,[35] edible, and sweetly aromatic. Each carpel contains an oblong, shiny, smooth, dark brown to black, 1.3 to 1.6 cm long seed.[34][35]

Sugar apple is high in energy, an excellent source of vitamin C and manganese, a good source of thiamine and vitamin B6, and provides vitamin B2, B3, B5, B9, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium in fair quantities. [46]

 

Plant with fruit

Chemistry

 

• The diterpenoid alkaloid atisine is the most abundant alkaloid in the root. 
• Other constituents of Annona squamosa include the alkaloids oxophoebine,[47] reticuline,[47] isocorydine, and methylcorydaldine, [48] and the flavonoid quercetin-3-O-glucoside.[49]

 

Distribution and habitat

 

Annona squamosa is native to the tropical Americas and West Indies, but the exact origin is unknown. It is now the most widely cultivated of all the species of Annona, being grown for its fruit throughout the tropics and warmer subtropics.

 

Climate and cultivation

 

Ripe fruits

• Like most species of Annona, it requires a tropical or subtropical climate with summer temperatures from 25 to 41°C and mean winter temperatures above 15°C.
•  It is only moderately drought-tolerant, requiring at least 700 millimeters of annual rainfall, and does not produce fruit well during droughts.

It is quite a prolific bearer and produces fruit within two to three years. A five-year-old tree can give 50 sugar apples a year.

Uses

• In traditional Indian, Thai, and Native American medicines, the leaves are boiled down with water, possibly mixed with other specific botanicals, and used in a decoction to treat dysentery and urinary tract infection. [49] 
• In traditional Indian medicine, the leaves are crushed and applied to wounds. [49] In Mexico, the leaves are rubbed on floors and put in hens' nests to repel lice. [50]

Table: Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) [50]

Apples	Nutrients	Raman pazham	Seetha pazham	Mullathikka
218 kJ (52 kcal) 13.81 g   2.4 g   0.17 g    0.26 g         1%, 0.017 mg  2%, 0.026 mg   1%, 0.091 mg 1%, 0.061 mg 2%, 0.041 mg 1%, 3 μg     5%, 4.6 mg           0%, 6 mg  1%, 0.12 mg 1%, 5 mg  2%, 0.035 mg 1%, 11 mg   4%, 107 mg   0%, 1 mg 0%, 0.04 mg 85.56 g	Energy   Carbohydrates   Dietary fiber   Fat    Protein   Vitamins Quantity %DV† Thiamine (B1)   Riboflavin (B2)   Niacin (B3)   Pantothenic acid (B5)   Vitamin B6   Folate (B9)   Vitamin C     Minerals Quantity %DV† Calcium   Iron   Magnesium   Manganese   Phosphorus   Potassium   Sodium   Zinc   Water	423 kJ (101kcal)   25.2 g   2.4 g    0.6 g    1.7 g         7% 0.08 mg   8% 0.1 mg    3% 0.5 mg   3% 0.135 mg     17% 0.221 mg   ---       23% 19.2 mg           3% 30 mg   5% 0.71 mg   5% 18 mg   ----       3% 21 mg   13% 382 mg   0% 4 mg   -----       71.5 g	393 kJ (94 kcal)   23.64 g   4.4 g    0.29 g    2.06 g         9%0.11 mg    9% 0.113 mg   6% 0.883 mg    5% 0.226 mg     12% 0.2 mg   4% 14 μg   40% 36.3 mg           2% 24 mg   3% 0.6 mg   5% 21 mg   18% 0.42 mg   3% 32 mg   5% 247 mg   0% 9 mg   1% 0.1 mg   ….	276 kJ (66 kcal) 16.84 g   3.3g    0.3 g    1 g         6% 0.07 mg    4% 0.05 mg   6% 0.9 mg    5% 0.253 mg   5% 0.059 mg 4%, 14 μg   25% 20.6 mg         1% 14 mg   5% 0.6 mg   6% 21 mg   ----   4% 27 mg   9% 278 mg   1% 14 mg   1% 0.1 mg   81 g
	Choline	---	---	2% 7.6 mg

(------ in table represents not present or data not available)  

Extra nutrition present in apples

 

Sugars 10.3 g

Vitamin A equiv. 3 μg, 0%, beta-Carotene 27 μg, 0%

lutein zeaxanthin 29 μg,

Vitamin E1%, 0.18 mg, Vitamin K 2%, 2.2 μg

 

Among these three custard apples, only Soursop has Choline. Good news for vegetarians.

Choline is an essential nutrient for normal bodily function and human health [51].

Our liver can make small amounts, and we must obtain the majority through our diet.

Choline is an organic, water-soluble compound.

This nutrient affects several vital bodily functions.

It impacts liver function, healthy brain development, muscle movement, the nervous system, and metabolism.

Eggs and meats are rich sources of Choline. [51]

So, tell me, which apple do you prefer to eat daily?

Are you ready to plant a custard apple at your home?

If you do, it will be a saving to our environment and protection for the coming generation.

Do you agree?

Let me know in the comment session.

References:

 

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49 achiman (Annona reticulata L.)". Carib Fruits. Retrieved 8 November 2020.

50 Wikipedia

51 Zeisel S. Choline, an essential nutrient for humans. FASEB. 1991;5:2093–2098. - PubMed